Article
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES FOR GRID INTERACTIVE
This paper reviews the growing importance of energy storage technologies in modern power systems driven by the rapid expansion of renewable energy sources such as solar PV and wind. The inherent variability and intermittency of renewables create challenges in maintaining grid stability, power quality, and reliability. To address these issues, several energy storage elements—batteries, ultra-capacitors, flywheels, and fuel cells—are increasingly integrated into grid-connected and islanded systems. The review covers their operating principles, performance characteristics, and suitability for AC and DC microgrid environments. Special attention is given to battery charging and discharging strategies, as they significantly influence system efficiency and lifetime. The survey further examines the impacts of renewable energy integration on the main grid and highlights how microgrids and Building-to-Grid (B2G) concepts enhance flexibility, controllability, and energy management. Key findings indicate that hybrid storage systems and coordinated control methods are critical for future smart grids, while gaps remain in multi-storage optimization and standardized frameworks for AC/DC microgrids and B2G interaction.
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